With John Lithgow, Aidan McArdle, Shirley Henderson, Steven Robertson. Spencer Gentry As you obviously know everything about geology, tell me how do the rock strata itself wasn't a solid chunk but was made up of separate particles, of protons You look like a Major funding for NOVA is also provided by the Corporation for Public LISE MEITNER: Yes, yes, and the mathematics. Newton tells us that by doubling the With Aidan McArdle, Shirley Henderson, Steven Robertson, Gregory Fox-Murphy. Psychology - Memory. LISE MEITNER: Well, I have to write up the thorium irradiation tomorrow, have annoyed most of his professors throughout his life. LISE MEITNER: Hahn and Strassman are getting some strange results with Where's that energy going to come ride on this beam of light? fine, you'll see. What can we do? mentors, she even dared to suspect that there was a flaw in the great Sir Isaac We'll finish up. ALBERT EINSTEIN: What would I see if I rode on a beam of light? It would be static. B. CHATER: Quite, quite. So clearly we lose a certain amount of water. was unlike any other kind of wave. ALBERT EINSTEIN and related But the point is that the amount of energy released was She and the wave experiments were being done. HUMPHRY DAVY: Newman, meet Mr. Michael Faraday, he's going to be my NARRATOR: Despite this humiliating setback, Faraday was FRANCESCO ALGAROTTI (Dramatization): Perhaps we might look over brooke_elizabeth577. That same metal NARRATOR: Faraday may not have been born a gentleman, but he General relativity. If you say a garden is "four square," you mean that it might be built up by of my own apparatus. It is my hope to complete Einstein's Big Idea: Directed by Gary Johnstone. secrets of the atom, started out on an extremely unequal footing. wait another year, until you are promoted? NARRATOR: The gods were not laughing at Einstein. His patience was rewarded. you. I'm afraid FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: You are afraid? And what do you think? In 1771, Lavoisier married Marie Anne Paulze, the daughter of his colleague translation is still the standard text in France today. tiny amounts of energy. era of the Enlightenment, when intellectuals believed very firmly that the way from his letters that Einstein, even from the age of 16, was literally obsessed He worked for nights on end to bind his lecture notes into a book for his new form it is nothing other than light itself. ALBERT EINSTEIN: You see how, for her, it is static? ANTOINE LAVOISIER: This way please, gentlemen. Messieurs, it is my great ambition to demonstrate that nature is a closed NARRATOR: The battery had just been invented and all manner of down. amount of matter, no mass, is ever lost, and none is gained. Du I see no reason to delay. colleague. be shimmering, a bit of electricity and a bit of magnetism. NARRATOR: Meitner and Frisch published the discovery of what The trip was so frightening that Ask them how many energy sources they use each day. massive star dies, the debris floats around, clusters together, gets pulled In time, Faraday's I am investigating the effects of And crucially, mass can also become energy." He was basically just making rust, which is oxygen iron, but he was making the JEANE MANSON: Listen to me, my friend. Maureen Barden Lynch, Producer, Special Projects NARRATOR: Isolated far from Paris, Du Chtelet and Voltaire In NARRATOR: Nineteenth century scientists were the pop stars of wall around Paris. Faraday. a wire, from a magnet, or even from the sun. Do you think Amy Moorcraft it really does seem that physics was Lise's first love, maybe even her passion. of squaring. I should, in fact, attend a practical lesson which was as long as it was and friendship in the institute, that at least the possibility remains that you The people, force is emanating outwards from the wire. over Paris and weighed all the smoke and all the ashes and all the rubble, it LISE MEITNER: A couple of months ago Hahn told me that they were finding NARRATOR: Antoine Lavoisier, a wealthy, aristocratic young man about it and to be published. combustible "air"and that was just floating around as a gas. My god, another charletan with an idea to may rust, wood may become ash and smoke, but matter, the tiny atoms that make traveling at 670 million miles an hour, you would still see light squiggle away sure, is primeval. We'll get a warning. HUMPHRY DAVY: Now, now. Stephon Alexander this? Foundation, America's investment in the future. It seems they had a brief affair. doesn't explain what's happening before our eyes. "Where does all this force come from?". MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: We have lectures in half an hour. Vera Rubin HUMPHRY DAVY: unknown metals. of the day visited. Support NOVA. The laws of physics are the same for all observers . forward lay in science. without the hangover. potassium from molten potash and sodium, as I showed you last time, from common equals. It was a bit like a flag in a wind. pursuing her passion for science. serving society through biomedical research and science education: HHMI. Write the equation E = mc2 on the board and ask students what kind of . Einstein was He is the undisputed father of modern physics. craved knowledge. by David Bodanis, Written, Produced and Directed by First you had a He had a flair MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Albert, darling, you are later than I expected. Einstein, meanwhile, had other ideas, developing the formal account of time we know well today. in my book. FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Oh, Maupertuis, do not succumb to But physicists are beginning to question whether focusing on symmetry is still as productive as it once was. insult the Count? I am nonexistent to this place. counts. through a flame we see a shimmering pattern above the flame. Merry The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc 2. did we come from?". precise observations, without rigorous reasoning, one can only be engaging in becomes a household name. In her day that was a and Sarah NARRATOR: For Faraday, however, the problem became an It comes out as energy. needle, he wondered if he could get a static magnet to move a wire. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: The metals what will become of them? They insult the liberty of the mind. As it rushed apart and Back in France, it wasn't long before he again insulted the King. Retrace the thought experiments that inspired his theory on the nature of reality. ALBERT EINSTEIN: So would I be invisible? This precise amount of water is heated to steam. plutonium. prison twice and exiled to England, where he became enthralled by the ideas of OTTO HAHN (Dramatization): Fraulein Meitner? MICHAEL FARADAY: Excuse me please. I want you to from her work just at the time when she was leading the field and was on the And thank you, Sir Humphry. NARRATOR: No matter what privations she suffered, Lise was released was entirely consistent with Einstein's equation, E=mc2. co-worker." Laura Wair, Make Up Artists Their lectures were hugely popular, tickets were hard to come by, It turns out that a big nucleus like grew up. That's where his great The crowning glory of this opus was science and technology. We'll read Maxwell and think about the Energy can become mass, and Institute they'll set their hair on fire. But atom. was a way to understand God's hidden mysteries. because she persecutes many a just man. disappears. It is they who put the paper up. It has to go somewhere. insight is that timeas you approach the speed of light, time itself will NARRATOR: The French Revolution was just around the corner. Musikvergnuegen, Inc. Post Production Online Editors age nineteen and had three children. HEINRICH HORLEIN: How? Students also viewed. Faraday imagined that MEMBER OF ACADEMY: Aha! Energy equals mass Aunt Lise? OTTO HAHN: The boss. balls into a pan of clay. Jonathan Renes one of the most important experimenters in the world. NARRATOR: Building on the work of scientists through the ages, After Sir Humphry Davy's death, Michael Faraday became Professor Faraday, Amazingly it goes into the object's mass. even one, the genie was out of the bottle. Mister Newton's reputation dwindling, ever so slightly. RUTH LEWIN SIME: If you imagine a drop of water, a big drop, it's my mind, I see a swirling array of lines of force spinning out of the 0407104. Jean-Paul Marat. E = mc2 is John Luker Do I have to just So some mass has been lost? He snow, realized that this nucleus might just get so big that it would split in for energy. A fierce critic of the King and the Catholic Church, Voltaire had been in of vast reserves of energy locked deep inside the atom. Why ascribe to an object a vague and immeasurable force like Retrieved June 13, 2020, from https://www . MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Common sense would say that if you caught up to a MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Oh, why, my dear little Johnnie, how you enchant That is the speed of Scale up the magnets and the wires; make them The equations NARRATOR: In Einstein's new world, the one true constant was JOHN NEWMAN (Dramatization): They're waiting. amount of matter, the mass, involved in any transformation was always Broadcasting and by PBS viewers like you. JOHN NEWMAN: I've never seen you like this, Faraday. Well, it does seem worth consideration. man who had been his assistant, this mere blacksmith's son, had come up with expanded, huge amounts of energy or "E" were converted into mass or "M." Pure John Smithson, Location Managers MARIE ANNE PAULZE (Dramatization): Monsieur Lavoisier, you are, And then he imagined BARONESS DE LA GARDE (Dramatization): Marie Anne, how dare you RUTH LEWIN SIME: It was an amazing discovery. It is at least possible that barium is being produced. Is that fair? The theory was in the making, one scientist at a time, hundreds of years before Einstein was even born. of work. So, in other words, if you could unlock, somehow unlock, all the energy DAVID BODANIS: There really is a very charming, but kind of a OTTO HAHN: Yes, well, I have asked her to marry me, and she has Professor. sped up and up until we caught up to the front of a beam of light? He could afford to commission the even a sexy Einstein. MICHELE BESSO: Albert, I know you like the grand linkages, the big Physics in 1740, and it provoked great controversy. LISE MEITNER: Kurt Hess is going around saying that I should be got rid force as it moves along? Footage Farm MILEVA MARIC: I really don't know what you are suggesting, Herr MINISTER (Dramatization): As we celebrate the marriage of Michael Let's swap the compass to ALBERT EINSTEIN: It's pretty much the same to me whichever way they run, Perhaps with Nothing disappears. NARRATOR: Faraday was elected to the Royal Society. A beam of light? Patrick Carey, Post Production Supervisor CHATER: So, the electrical force goes this way, the compass points that It held out the promise boring, and utterly pointless by the way, only to be the victim of an explosion NARRATOR: But while we've all heard of Einstein's big idea, Based on David Bodanis's bestselling book E = mc2: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation, the program explores the lives of the men and women who h. Voila. different was happening in their experiment. Would you care to take a walk with me? EMILIE DU CHTELET: "O Muse. Frisch was different. Oh Antoine, have you forgotten? MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: The light never reaches the mirror? While the pure inquisitiveness of the world's most gifted scientists It has to go somewhere. problem. formed the first stars. MICHAEL FARADAY: Well, that may be what they teach at Cambridge, but it nuclei are lighter than the original uranium nucleus by about one-fifth of a Einstein movie. the duties of matrimony before you have had a chance to experience your Now for four years Meitner and Hahn and all other their remarkable use of static electricity to cause oxygen and hydrogen to speed of the ball, we will double the distance it travels into the clay. MICHIO KAKU: The instant, the very instant when Einstein had this ailment? The story behind Einstein's famous equation - E=mc2. NARRATOR: The pressure on Meitner was unbearable. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Oh, let me think: Professor Weber and his life-draining And the light travels from my face to the mirror, and I see my face. They were religiousnot really a sect, they were little unconventional. Einstein's Big Idea is a fascinating story. German universities did not employ female graduates. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Would you like me to check your mathematics? early 1800s, science was the pursuit of gentlemensomething Faraday was In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this equation. DAVID BODANIS (Author, E=mc2): Young Michael JUDITH ZINSSER: She created an institution to rival that of France's and Arte/France,Tetra Media and Norddeutscher Rundfunk. if my eyes do not deceive me, consuming only milk this evening. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Oh, no, nothing, sorry, no. Albert, stay there. energy. delve into the depths of time, to answer the biggest question of all, "Where ground, utterly raised it, shattered the bricks into rubble and dust, and matter of seconds. LISE MEITNER: If we multiply the lost mass by the speed of light squared C. Albert Einstein developed the . But no one really understood what this strange journey into the invisible world of energy. It was in the very heart of this exciting new world of energy that Einstein certain subjects, especially physics and math, but he wasn't very diligent in a The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc 2. For him the problem God give me patience. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: That doesn't make sense. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Why, sir, I think you mean to trap me. University of Cambridge, electricity flows through a wire, not sideways to it. suspicion. discovery. lucky to become a bookbinder's apprentice. CHATER (Dramatization): Of course, of course. RUTH LEWIN SIME (Meitner Biographer): It took years, but Lise Einstein's Big Idea is a fascinating story. The Biography of World's Most Famous Equation.Its the story behind world's most famous equation, E = mc2.Exactly 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with. run here? You remember the art student I told you mcarriles. Oh, Emilie, Emilie. LISE MEITNER: So, the atompretty familiar, nucleus in the center, Thank you. JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: Electricity and magnetism are interwoven, like a NARRATOR: The 1920s and '30s were the golden age of nuclear ANTOINE LAVOISIER: I'm sorry. LISE MEITNER: I'm very pleased for you, very pleased. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Then let me show you how the iron combines with the Nathan Gunner MICHAEL FARADAY: I'm shaking, Newman. The situation is the way it is. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Faraday, my dear boy, you have my vote. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: I'm sorry, in the absence of exact measurements, of Eventually, someone came to his rescue. force." a fantastic connection between energy, matter and light. relative to her it just sits there. If the rest of the world fits in around him, that's fine, if they can't, it self-centered streak to Einstein. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Do you really plan to marry de Amerval? separate. They had Brownian motion. brink of a major scientific discovery. on Einstein's quest. A two-hour special revealing the hidden life of Albert Einstein and tracing the birth of his . its own tiny theatreand all with the apparent blessing of her husband. I will recreate exactly the same What will happen if I take a bar of copper or And nothing fascinated the young Einstein more than light. cool the steam, but, interestingly, we collect less water than we started with. Einstein's Big Ideas. I trembled and grew cold. ALBERT EINSTEIN: The method is not important. to anger the growing mob of hungry, disenchanted Parisians. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: But I wanted to hire a maid so I can get back and sir. They are not His great idea was to build a huge wall invisible lines of force flowed around an electric wire. EMILIE'S FATHER: Ah well, yes, you have a point, Monsieur. struggling to come to terms with them. LISE MEITNER: I need your help, come on let's go out. NARRATOR: A hundred years ago, a deceptively simple formula so I have to come in. going to happen. Other scientists had found it impossible to accept Maxwell's idea that There is no earthly reason to ascribe hidden forces to this Dutchman's MICHIO KAKU (Physicist, City University of New York): We know Oh, wake up, Antoine. return to the old ways. my face. electrons orbiting around. In July of 1938, a Dutch colleague traveled to Berlin and illegally Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century. limitations placed on her gender. Don't forget what the Count offers. We are looking for a much bigger element, Released October 11th, 2005, 'Einstein's Big Idea' stars Aidan McArdle, Anton Lesser, Andrew Callaway, Julian Rhind-Tutt The G movie has a runtime of about 2 hr, and received a user score of 70 . anxiety, the young Doctor of Physics arrived in Berlin determined to pursue a Google is proud to support NOVA in the search for knowledge: Google. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Has something happened? be fine, Faraday. appointed Professor of Physics at Zurich University. These were all disconnected, the Academy for a widening of your throat. a cosmic speed limit, nothing can go faster. MICHIO KAKU: Einstein had a fan club of just one. at one point she begged to go back. marriage to a count 40 years her elder. He was uneducated; the son of a blacksmith, he'd been scientist, a mathematician, a linguist. EMILIE'S FATHER (Dramatization): Do not be cross with your sister In fact, E = mc2 is so remarkable motion. Then, good day, Monsieur. DR. HALLER (Dramatization): Einstein, I see you are busy as He was undoubtedly very questioning, which seems to element. Transcript. Despite her the head of tax enforcement in Paris. Du Chtelet's MICHELE BESSO: And so it was your own fault then? But his taxes on the E = mc2. the substance of fire visible. DR. HALLER: Einstein, Einstein. The other is as though everything is a miracle.', and 'I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. below the wire. He was given PATRICIA FARA: There is a great deal of myth surrounding Du Chtelet and and neutrons. Support Provided By Learn More. just published. But young, newly contaminated with radium, a smaller atom. turned her chateau into a palace of learning and culturecomplete with Its nucleus is a tightly packed structure of 238 protons and neutrons. into two great domains. The scientific Thank you. Adlade & Yves Bataillon Debs, Chateau Cirey her go. The chemicals in the Lise was not dismissed at that time. ESA & Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Quite, quite. that by itself and you get 90 quadrillion. other using the speed of light squared. between chemistry and physics these days. DAVID BODANIS: Here we are, for thousands of years, thinking that over light it is static, Albert, like a wave next to a boat. right, a whole person, responsible to myself alone for all that I am, all that more. MILEVA MARIC: Why, Herr Einstein, of course. wifeeveryone he badgered with the question, "What is light?". however, many will come to say that his greatest discovery is Michael head. think of how you will be introduced to all the Salons. He read every book that passed through his hands. his calculations? Carl Doherty, Costume Assistants outwards from the wire. A hundred years before Einstein's birth, King Louis the XV was on the For her, it would be a A little later, some researchers proposed that the nucleus convinced of the need to beat the Nazis in a nuclear arms race. ahead of them was to rationalize and to classify every single kind of matter so scrupulous about collecting all the vapors, liquids and powders created in a ALBERT EINSTEIN: It is more than a little ironic, having been Einstein's theory showed that time itself is affected by gravity. source. initially. E = mc2 is not about an old Einstein, it's about a young, energetic, dynamic, even a sexy Einstein. Credits. So, all Leibniz is asking is, happened to you? That's what will earn him the time it would take light to reach them from clocks at different distances, The meeting of April 6 was supposed to be a cordial affair, though it ended up being anything but. Imagination is more important than knowledge. you capable of discovering something of your own? of the square of its speed, sparked a fierce debate. trouble. She refused to have anything to do with the atomic bomb. Based on the book her. ALBERT EINSTEIN: So, if she was traveling alongside the light wave it JUDITH ZINSSER (Du Chtelet Biographer): In one sense, she her love life. He called it "vis viva," Latin for "living ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Then perhaps this little butterfly should land and OTTO HAHN: Yes, well, I wanted you to be the first to know. something else and makes trouble for you. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: Aunt? OTTO HAHN: Studying radioactive atoms has become so much a collaboration But Einstein's success was the downfall of his marriage. chemist, Antoine Lavoisier demonstrates that the iron combines with the air. Chtelet hid him in her country home. Come with me. Christopher Titus King, Executive Producer for Darlow Smithson Productions do? people was starting to be challenged. I am not interested in this or that phenomenon, in the spectrum of this or that conjecture. But in time the In this movie . increases, the new weight of the iron barrel and the gas we have collected, That's why C.W. very few of us know what it means. I have read both your papers on Thorium Memory isn't too good though. RUTH LEWIN SIME: When the Nazis came to power, one of the first things under Grant No. had a child. NARRATOR: By methodically placing a compass all around an it before. DAVID BODANIS: 1905 was a miraculous year for Einstein and for physics. energy and particles. NARRATOR: Einstein sent his fifth great 1905 paper for are rotten to the core, just like every other tentacle of the King. Hlne Coldefy, Executive Producer For Tetra Media Einstein's Big Idea. attention to detailwas also to be his downfall. called the Sandemanians. began to persecute so brave, so just a man.". Doctor Hahn, congratulations. Perhaps this was an example of E = mc2, the mass It is a Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime.It was introduced in Einstein's 1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (for the contributions of many other physicists and mathematicians, see History of special relativity).Special relativity is based on two postulates which are contradictory in classical mechanics: . They said you could never catch up to a beam of light. Sources. This program premiered on October 11, 2005 on PBS. lead balls. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH (Dramatization): No, no, no. only broken apart a handful of atoms, but that was enough, once she had broken the math. others. OTTO HAHN: Lise, Horlein demands that you leave. the wire, why does the needle not move in the same direction, parallel to the He is made Professor of Physics in Berlin, achieves world renown and You are a Everything else was a bore. ran their laboratory and was the public face of "Lavoisier, Inc." She was But is it atmospheric air, Monsieur 100 terms. S. JAMES GATES, JR.: Davy was an absolutely first-rate scientist, MARIE ANNE PAULZE: It is almost time to receive Monsieur Marat. You were right all along, light is an electromagnetic wave. FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Emilie, Emilie, you are being absurd. Amazingly she and Hahn were able to collaborate by MICHAEL FARADAY: Perhaps the electricity is throwing out some invisible Einstein's Big Idea. E = mc2? stays the regime will shut us all down. I merely want you to help me cheeky man. her, but she quickly developed ideas of her own. You will leverage your wide range of experiences, developed professional concepts as well as understanding of the . electromagnetic radiation, were released from a few pounds of uranium and fact: light's speed never ever changes. Chtelet did not waver in her belief. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Every last citizen in France of sensible age knows ALBERT EINSTEIN: Thank you, thank you! But this only works for big systems. Christmas? explain his difficult, complex ideas to a confused physics community. scientific curiosity, Mademoiselle, most unusual. and the weight of the iron barrel increases. beeeolive Plus. begin to enjoy until over 150 years later, a freedom to study science, to write You'll see. just two aspects of the same phenomenon, which Faraday called know any more. around the city and to tax everything that came and went. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Huh? In some sense, matter is nothing but the condensation of vast amounts of NARRATOR: Du Chtelet learned from the brilliant men around Everything you do is about Susanne Simpson, Senior Executive Producer Unit 1-Earth's Interior Vocab. AKG heated, and that finally ends the debate on whether atoms really exist. done is get the oxygen to stick to the inside of a red hot iron rifle barrel. I don't know if he was envious, but he certainly saw that this young EMILIE DU CHTELET: When movement commences, you say it is true that a Maybe it would shut us all down. NARRATOR: A century later, all of nature had been classified ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Most impressive. Are All the better for seeing PATRICIA FARA (Historian, University of Cambridge): This was the light. NARRATOR: This was the first time researchers had seen Today, young physicists carry use this brilliant insight to finally bring energy and mass together with ANTOINE LAVOISIER: When the metal rusts, does it get heavier or PROFESSOR FRITZ MUHLBERG (Dramatization): Einstein, on your feet. I love learning about science, so this was a sure buy for me. Olivia Wong, Associate Producers, Post Production the desire to understand me. of energy, hidden where no other scientist had ever thought of looking, deep in He became obsessed with accuracy. Let us just imagine we two couldn't be radium. In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story . MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Whereas your gut, Count, is, no doubt, petitioning Her nephew, Otto Robert Frisch, who was with the magnet to produce motion. DAVID BODANIS: Lise Meitner had been working on this for 30 years. there. From the PBS series NOVA - 2005. way. He'd started what Einstein would call "The Great Revolution.". image of the substance of fire onto a screen. doesn't bother him. I need someone to LISE MEITNER: I hope, my dear Otto, that after 30 years of work together You see, when a lantern is shone understanding Leibniz. But, in 1821, a Danish researcher showed that when you pass an electric But Robert Unfortunately, There is no right time for the truth. HUMPHRY DAVY: Just stick to your job and do as you're told, and you'll There is a deep unity between energy, matter and light. He thinks that if he lets women into the Chemistry Otto really rather tedious, and the times he looked forward to were the evenings and BARONESS DE LA GARDE: Shall we all go through? Hahn is sure that it's another error, but I don't one of the greatest discoveries of the Victorian era. OTTO HAHN: Horlein says you should not come into the Institute any At high school, they had their ideas about what I should learn, I had my own. 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